ORTHOPAEDICS INTERNATIONAL
Introduction
Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is a common and often frustrating condition that affects the outer part of the elbow. Despite its name, tennis elbow doesn’t just impact athletes—anyone who engages in repetitive wrist or arm motions, from construction workers to office employees, can develop it. If left untreated, tennis elbow can interfere significantly with daily life and productivity.
This article explores the symptoms, causes, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and preventive strategies for managing tennis elbow effectively.
What Is Tennis Elbow?
Tennis elbow is an overuse injury that involves the tendons connecting the forearm muscles to the outer part of the elbow. It typically results from repeated strain, leading to tiny tears in the tendons, particularly where they attach to the lateral epicondyle—the bony bump on the outside of the elbow.
Though it’s named after the sport, playing tennis is just one of many possible causes. Anyone who performs repetitive gripping, lifting, or wrist-twisting motions—such as painters, carpenters, chefs, or even computer users—may be at risk.
Common Symptoms of Tennis Elbow
Tennis elbow symptoms typically develop gradually and can worsen over time if left unaddressed. The most common signs include:
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Localised Pain: Pain is usually felt on the outer side of the elbow and may radiate down the forearm.
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Swelling: Some individuals experience swelling around the elbow joint.
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Pain Worsens with Activity: Actions that involve gripping, lifting, or carrying heavy objects can aggravate the discomfort.
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Discomfort with Specific Movements: Twisting motions (like turning a doorknob or opening a jar) can trigger sharp pain.
When Should You See a Doctor?
While mild discomfort can sometimes be managed with rest and over-the-counter medications, you should consult a healthcare professional if:
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The pain persists for several weeks and shows no signs of improvement.
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Daily tasks become difficult, including simple actions like shaking hands, lifting a cup, or using a keyboard.
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You experience severe symptoms, such as intense swelling, limited range of motion, or persistent night pain.
Prompt evaluation can prevent complications and promote a faster recovery.
What Causes Tennis Elbow?
Tennis elbow is primarily caused by overuse or repetitive strain on the elbow tendons, especially from:
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Repetitive Arm Movements: Common in sports (like tennis, racquetball), occupations (plumbing, painting, carpentry), and even hobbies (knitting, gardening).
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Muscle Strain: Continuous stress on the forearm muscles can lead to small tears and inflammation.
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Poor Technique: Improper form during sports or heavy lifting can increase strain on the tendons.
Who Is at Risk?
Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing tennis elbow:
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Repetitive Activities: Jobs or sports requiring frequent arm and wrist motion.
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Incorrect Form or Tools: Using poor technique or equipment that causes excessive strain.
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Age: Most common in adults between 30 and 50, as tendons become less flexible and more injury-prone with age.
Potential Complications
If untreated, tennis elbow can lead to:
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Reduced Grip Strength: Weakness and pain may limit your ability to hold or lift objects.
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Limited Activity: You might avoid necessary or enjoyable activities due to discomfort.
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Chronic Pain: Persistent inflammation and tendon damage can result in long-term pain and decreased functionality.
How Is Tennis Elbow Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically begins with a physical examination. Your healthcare provider will assess for tenderness, swelling, and pain during specific movements.
In some cases, imaging may be recommended:
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Ultrasound: Helps detect tendon inflammation or micro-tears.
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MRI: Used in complex cases to evaluate the extent of tendon damage and rule out other issues such as nerve compression or joint abnormalities.
Treatment Options for Tennis Elbow
Non-Surgical Treatments
For most patients, conservative treatments are effective. These include:
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Physiotherapy: A personalised rehab program can strengthen the forearm muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce pain. Stretching and eccentric exercises are particularly beneficial.
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Shock Wave Therapy: High-energy acoustic waves stimulate blood flow and promote healing in the affected tendons.
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Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injections: These involve injecting a concentration of your own platelets into the damaged area to speed up healing and reduce inflammation.
Surgical Treatment
Surgery is generally reserved for severe or persistent cases that do not respond to non-surgical methods. The procedure often involves:
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Surgical Excision and Tendon Repair: Removal of damaged tendon tissue and repair to restore strength and function.
Recovery from surgery typically involves post-operative physiotherapy and may take several months for full recovery.
Prevention Tips for Tennis Elbow
Preventing tennis elbow is often easier than treating it. Key strategies include:
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Use Proper Technique: Learn and practice correct form during sports and work tasks to avoid overloading the elbow.
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Strengthen and Stretch: Regularly perform forearm-strengthening and flexibility exercises.
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Take Breaks: Avoid overuse by incorporating rest periods into repetitive tasks.
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Wear Supportive Gear: Use braces or elbow straps to distribute pressure and reduce tendon strain during high-risk activities.
Conclusion
Tennis elbow is a manageable but potentially debilitating condition. Recognising the symptoms early and seeking appropriate treatment can help you recover faster and return to your usual activities with minimal disruption. Whether you’re an athlete, a tradesperson, or someone dealing with repetitive strain at work, awareness and proactive care can go a long way in preventing and managing tennis elbow.
If you’re experiencing persistent elbow pain or suspect tennis elbow, consult a healthcare provider like Dr Chan Beng Kuen to explore your treatment options and get on the path to recovery.
